The passive

هذا درس كامل عن Passive وهذا درس مهم جدا حق الشباب إلى ينتقلون إلى الثاني عشر
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Used about the form of a verb or a sentence when the subject of the sentence is affected by the action of the verb. In the sentence ' He was bitten by a dog', the verb is passive. You can also say: 'The verb is in the passive'. Look at active.

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القائمة

1) Forming the passive
2) Using the passive
3) Indirect objects as passive subjects
4) The passive form of modals and phrasal modals
5) Stative passive
6) Common stative passive verbs + prepositions
7) The passive with get
Participial adjectives

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1) Forming the passive
Subject verb object

ACTIVE: (a) Mary helped the boy.

Subject verb

PASSIVE: (b) The boy was helped by Mary.

In the passive, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb: the boy in (a) becomes the subject of the passive verb in (b).

Notice that the subject of an active verb follows by in a passive sentence. The noun that follows by is called the ''agent''. In (b): Mary is the agent.

(a) and (b) have the same meaning.

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ACTIVE (C) AN accident happened.
PASSLVE none

For m of the passive be +past participle
Simple present Mary helps the boy. The boy is helped by Mary.
Present continuous Mary is helping the boy the boy is being helped by Mary
Present perfect* Mary has helped the boy the boy has been helped by Mary
Simple past Mary helped the boy the boy was helped by Mary.
Past continuous Mary was helping the boy was helped by Mary.
Past perfect* Mary had helped the boy The boy had been helped by Mary.
Simple future* Mary will help the boy . The boy will be helped by Mary.
Be going to Mary is going to help the boy .The boy is going to be helped by Mary.
Future perfect* Mary will have helped the boy .The boy will have been helped by Mary.

Was the boy helped by Mary?
Is the boy being helped by Mary?
In the question form of passive verbs, an auxiliary Verb precedes the subject.


* The continuous forms of the present perfect, past perfect, future and future prefect are very rarely used in the passive.

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2) Using the passive

a) Rice is grown in India.
b) Our house was built in 1980.
c) This olive oil was improved from Crete.

Usually the passive is used without a by-phrase. The passive is most frequently used when it is not known or not important to know exactly who performs an action.
In (a): Rice is grown in India by people, by farmers, by someone . it is not known or important to know exactly who grows rice in India. (a) , (b) and (c) illustrate the most common use of the passive, i.e., without the by-phrase.

d) Life on the Mississippi was written by Mark Twain.

The by-phrase is included only if it important to know who performs an action, as in (d), where by Mark Twain is important information.


e) My aunt made this rug. (Active)
If the speaker knows who performs an action, usually the active is used, as in (e).


f) This rug was made by man aunt.
That rug was made by my mother.
Sometimes, even when the speaker knows who performs an action, she / he chooses to use the passive with the by-phrase because she / he wants to focus attention on the subject of a sentence. In (f): The focus of attention is on two rugs.








3) Indirect objects as passive subjects

I.O. D.O.

a) Someone gave Mrs. Lee an award.
b) Mrs. Lee was given an award.

D.O. I.O.

c) Someone gave an award to Mrs. Lee.
d) An award was given to Mrs. Lee.


I.O.= indirect object; D.O. = direct object
Either an indirect object or a direct object may become the subject of a passive sentence.
(a), (b), (c) and (d) have the same meaning.
Notice in (d): When the direct object becomes the subject, to is usually kept in front of the indirect object.*

The omission of to is more common in British English than American English: An Award was given Mrs. Lee.


4) The passive form of modals and phrasal modals






The passive form: modal + be + past participle
a) Tom will be invited to the picnic.
b) The window can't be opened
c) Children should be taught to respect their elders
d) May I be excused from class?
e) This book had better be returned to the library before Friday.
f) This letter ought to be sent before June 1st.
g) Mary has to be told about our change in plans.
h) Fred is supposed to be told about the meeting.
The past-passive form: modal + have been + past participle
i) The letter should have been sent last week.
j) This house must have been built over 200 years ago.
k) Jack ought to have been invited to the party.




5) Stative passive
In (a) and (b): old and green are adjectives. They describe the door. In (c): locked is a past participle. It is used as an adjective. It describes the door. a) The door is old.
b) The door is green.
c) The door is locked.
When the passive form is used to describe an existing situation or state, as in (c), (f) and (i) it is called the ''stative passive.'' In the stative passive:
* no action is taking place; the action happened earlier.
* there is no by-phrase.
* the past participle functions as an adjective. d) I locked the door five minutes ago.
e) The door was locked by me five minutes ago.
f) Now the window is broken.
g) Ann broke the window yesterday.
h) The window was broken by Ann.
i) Now the window is broken.
Prepositions other than by can follow stative passive verbs. j) I am interested in Chinese art.
k) He is satisfied with his job.
l) Ann is married to Alex.
(m) through (p) are examples of idiomatic usage of the passive form in common, everyday English.
These sentences have no equivalent active sentences. m) I don't know where I am. I am lost.
n) I can't find my purse. It is gone.
o) I am finished with my work.
p) I am done with my work.


6) Common stative passive verbs + prepositions

a) I'm interested in Greek culture.
b) He's worried about losing his job.

Many stative passive verbs are followed by prepositions other than by.
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COMMON STATIVE PASSIVE VERBS + PREPOSITIONS

Be accustomed to be engaged to be opposed to
Be acquainted with be equipped with
Be addicted to be excited about be pleased with
Be annoyed with, by be exhausted from be prepared for
Be associated with be exposed to be protected from
Be provided with
Be bored with, by be filled with
Be finished with
Be cluttered with be frightened of, by
Be composed of be related to be remembered for
Be concerned about be gone form
Be connected to
Be coordinated with be interested In be satisfied with be covered with be involved in be scared of, by
Be crowded with
Be known for be terrified of, by
Be dedicated to be tired of, form
Be devoted to be limited to
Be disappointed in, with be located in be worried about
Be discriminated against
Be divorced form be made of
Be done with be married to
Be dressed


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7) The passive with get
Get + adjective
(a) I 'm getting hungry. Let's eat soon.
b) You shouldn't eat so much. I got fat.
c) I stopped working because I got sleepy.

Get may be followed by certain adjectives.* get gives the idea of change – the idea of becoming, beginning to be, growing to be.
In (a): I'm getting hungry = I wasn't hungry before, but now I'm beginning to be hungry.

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Get + PAST PARTICIPLE
d) I stopped working because I got tired.
e) They are getting married next month.
f) I got worried because he was two hours late.

Get may also be followed by a past participle. The past participle functions as an adjective; it describes the subject.
The passive with get is common in spoken English, but is often not appropriate in formal writing.
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* some of the common adjective that follow get are:

angry chilly fat hungry old thirsty
anxious cold full late rich warm
bald dark good light sick well
better dizzy heavy mad sleepy wet
big empty hot nervous tall worse
busy

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PARTICIPLE ADJECTIVES


-The problem confuses the students.
a) It is a confusing problem.

- The story amuses the children.
b) They are confused students.

The present participle serves as an adjective with an active meaning. The noun it modifies performs an action. In (a): the noun problem does something; it confuses. Thus, it is described as a ''confusing problem.''
The past participle serves as an adjective with a passive meaning. In (b): The student are confused by something. Thus, they are described as ''confused student.''

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- The story amuses the children.
c) It is an amusing story.

- The children are amused by the story.
d) They are amused children.

In (c): The noun story performs the action.
In (d): The noun children receives they action.

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